I Feel as Though I Never Want to Speak to Anyone Again
Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Vocabulary: Ecology and environs. Bug of large cities.
Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Содержание темы
- Types of Conditionals.
- Mixed Conditionals.
- Other tenses in conditional sentences.
- The Subjunctive.
- Present and by reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (high) time'.
- Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if just.
- 'Would' and 'could' afterward 'I wish' and 'if just'.
- 'It'southward (high) time' and 'Information technology's (virtually) time'.
- Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
- Expressing preferences nearly other people'southward actions.
- 'I'd rather.
Grammar
Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
| Blazon I Настоящее время | If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses | Futurity/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to |
| if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present Southward., Present Cont. or Present Pert.) | ||
| If you finish piece of work early on, we'll go for a walk. | ||
| If the weather is dainty, we'll go swimming. | ||
| Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени | ||
| If you have finished your java, nosotros can pay the bill. | ||
| If you're ill, encounter a doctor! If y'all burn yourself, it hurts. | ||
| Type 2 Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего | If + Past Simple or Past Continuous | would/could/might + bare infinitive |
| If I had money, I would travel circular the world. (but I don't have money - untrue in the present) | ||
| If I were a bird, I could wing. | ||
| Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени. | ||
| If I were yous, I would take an umbrella, (advice) | ||
| Type Three Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени | If + Past Perfect or By Perfect Continuous | would/could/might + have + past participle |
| If we hadn't left then early, we would have missed the plane. | ||
| If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party. | ||
| If you lot had told me before virtually your problems, I would take helped you , but at present it'due south as well late. | Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени. | |
| If the weather hadn't been and so nasty yesterday, nosotros would not have stayed at home all solar day long. | ||
Expressions
Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, fifty-fifty if, only if, unless.
2.1 If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.
If simply I had plenty fourth dimension!
If just I hadn 't drunk as well much, this wouldn 't accept happened!
two.2 Unless and other alternatives
Unless simply if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can exist transformed into unless sentences.
If he wasn 't told by Jane, he couldn 't take known .
Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn 't have known , (can be changed)
If Mr Smith doesn 't come back , he 'Ii telephone you. (cannot be changed)
If 1 state of affairs depends on another, it can be replaced by every bit/so long equally, provided or simply if .
2.3 Merely if combines with other time expressions and is used with past uncomplicated
Simply afterward posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)
I'll exercise what you say provided the law are not informed.
2.4 Even if describes how something will happen whatever the status.
Fifty-fifty if it rains , we'll however go for a picnic.
2.5 But for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)
2.half dozen Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic?
2.7 What if it rains, will you lot go for a walk?
2.eight We can omit "if", when should, were and had come up before the subject.
Should, come up , tell him to await for me.
Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would have told united states of america.
4. Other tenses in conditional sentences
4.1 Going to Going to can replace volition.
If you fall, you 're going to injure yourself.
If you lot 're going to make trouble, we 'Two phone call the police.
4.two Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion later on if.
If y'all' ve finished , then we'll go. Information technology is also possible in both parts of the judgement.
If I've told you lot in one case, I've told you a hundred times!
4.iii Doubt and uncertainty
An boosted non can exist added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative meaning.
I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't pelting. (I think it will rain.)
4.4 Should
if, this makes the possibility of an upshot seem unlikely.
If you should come across Ann, could you ask her to telephone call me?
This implies that I do not await you to see Ann.
4.5 Were to This as well makes an result seem more hypothetical.
If I were to ask you lot to marry me, what would you say?
4.vi Happen to
This emphasizes chance possibilities. Information technology is oft used with should.
If you lot happen to see Helen, could you inquire her to call me?
If you should happen to be passing, drib in for a cup of tea.
4.seven If information technology were non for/If it hadn 't been for
This describes how one event depends on another.
If it weren 't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.
If information technology hadn 't been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.
4.8 Will and would : politeness and emphasis These can be used every bit polite forms.
If y'all will/would wait here, I'll run into if Mrs Green is free.
Will can also exist used for emphasis, meaning 'insist on doing'.
If y'all volition stay out belatedly, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)
4.nine If and adjectives
In expressions such every bit if it is necessary/possible information technology is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi.
4.x Formally if tin can mean although , usually as if + adjective.
The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.
v.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to
John's female parent insisted that he render home early.
5.ii. Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — be ; past — were for all persons — для глагола to be или infinitive without to — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечта ний, желаний.
5.iii The Present Subjunctive
The Nowadays Subjunctive is used after | |
| Verbs | Impersonal expressions |
| Indicating that one person wants another ane to do something | |
| Suggest, order, demand, ask, require, recommend, control, propose, insist, suggest | It is necessary, of import, proposed, recommended, suggested |
| He suggested that she get at that place. He suggested that they should go there. | Information technology is suggested that she get there |
5.iv Notation the difference:
British variant: I insist that you should leave without her.
It is recommended that y'all should publish your volume.
American variant: I insist that y'all get out without her.
It is recommended that you publish your book
v.five The Past Subjunctive prefers to use were instead of was.
She behaves as if she were / was a queen.
I wish it were truthful
6. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it'due south (high) fourth dimension'
(I) wish, if only. it's (high) time and information technology's (nigh) time, we 'go ane tense dorsum':
1 The past tense refers to the present: I wish I had a better watch! (NOW)
two The past perfect tense refers to the past: If simply yous had asked me first! (So)
vii. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if but
7.1 We often utilize I wish for things that might (still) happen:
I wish I knew the answer! (= information technology's possible I might notice out the respond)
If only is stronger. We employ it to limited regret for things that can (now) never happen:
If only your mother were alive now! (Of course, / wish is also possible.)
7.2 We may use the simple past of exist after wish and if only
I wish I was on holiday now. If only Tessa was here at present!
If nosotros desire to be more formal, we use were in all persons
I wish I were on holiday now. If only Tessa were here!
vii.3 Nosotros may use the past perfect of exist for things that can never happen:
I wish I had been on holiday last week. If merely Tessa had been here yesterday!
7.4 Nosotros use the past or by perfect forms of other verbs:
I wish I knew the answer to your question.
I wish I had known then what I know now!
eight. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'
Nosotros must use could, not would, afterwards /and we. Compare:
I can't swim. → I wish I could swim.
We weren't together! → I wish we could have been together
We sometimes use / wish you (he. she. etc.) would(n't) like an imperative:
(I am making a lot of noise!) → I wish you wouldn't make so much noise!
(He is making a lot of racket!) → I wish he would exist quiet!
9. 'It's (high) time' and 'Information technology's (nearly) time'
Nosotros use It's time, It'south high time and it'south well-nigh time to limited present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven't happened all the same:
Kim can't fifty-fifty boil an egg. - I know.
It's time/loftier time/nigh fourth dimension she learnt to cook!
ten. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'
We utilise would rather and would sooner to express preference.
Nosotros can refer to the present or the future:
I'd rather/I'd sooner exist a architect than an architect.
Or we can refer to the past:
If I could choose once again, I'd rather/sooner have been a builder than an builder.
11. Expressing preferences nearly other people's actions
11.1 We can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.
I'd rather leave on an earlier train. (= I'm referring to myself)
I'd rather Jack left on an before train. ( I want him to leave)
11.ii We utilise the past tense course subsequently I'd rather to refer to the present or future.
I'd rather be happy. I'd rather not sit next to her. (= for myself)
I'd rather she were/was happy. (= now)
I'd rather she didn't sit next to me. (= at present)
11.3 We use the past perfect course after I'd rather to refer to by time.
I'd rather have been nowadays. (= then - I'm referring to myself)
I'd rather you had been present, (then)
I'd rather you hadn't told me virtually it. (then)
12. 'I'd rather he didn't'
We generally omit the main role of the verb in brusque responses:
12.ane negative responses:
Frank is going to buy a motorcycle. - I'd rather he didn't.
I′ve told everyone nigh it. - I'd rather y'all hadn't.
12.ii affirmative responses:
Frank won't give up his present job. - I'd rather he did.
I haven't told anyone about it. - I'd rather you had.
12.3 We do not have to repeat the main verb in a consummate sentence:
You ever get without me and I'd rather you didn't.
Vocabulary
Ecology and surroundings. Problems of big cities.
Report the of import vocabulary:
1. The weather condition:
Cold conditions: the chilly days of fall, common cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet pelting and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.
Warm/hot conditions: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, balmy, heatwave
Moisture weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour downward / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; brume/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog
Wind: gentle breeze, practiced current of air, blustery mean solar day, gale alarm, hurricane
2. The Natural Globe:
Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, fly, tail, claws, hand, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, body, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.
three. The environment:
Beck, stream, river; hillock, hill, mount; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, forest; puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road
Where land meets sea: coast, shore, embankment, estuary, cliff, greatcoat, peninsula;
Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, peak, peak, glacier;
iv. Environmental problems:
air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse result, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, bombardment farming, waste product disposal, rubbish, re-cycling
We should: avoid spray cans, exercise organic farming, utilize unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks
Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
Grammar
one. I finished digging in one-half an hour but I felt equally if I ____ for hours.
- worked
- had worked
- work
- have worked
2. Information technology's fourth dimension we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.
- visited, haven't visited, such
- accept visited, didn't see, and so
- had visited, hadn't seen, a very
- visited, haven't seen, such a
3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.
- would accept borrowed, some
- might give, few
- would requite, a lilliputian
- would accept lent, a few
4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.
- indicated, is waiting
- offered, had waited
- suggested, had been waiting
- showed, waited
5. He had written his accost downwards the terminal morn, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.
- had e'er come up, will experience
- comes, will be
- would come, may be
- always came, would exist
half dozen. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the section if she ____ it upon graduation.
- a chore, wanted
- work, volition have wanted
- task, wished
- a position, wants
7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.
- doesn't exist
- didn't exist
- hadn't existed
- won't exist
8. If only nosotros ____ a phone! I'k tired of queueing outside the public phone box.
- had had
- had
- have had
- tin can have
9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to get out the country at once.
- breaks out
- broken out
- broke out
- will intermission out
10. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want it ____ ."
- will exist arrested, come out
- is arrested, to come out
- will abort, coming out
- is beingness arrested, to come out
11. "At that place are ____ institutions, of course, merely it's not very easy to get into them unless y'all ____ influential friends."
- charitable, haven't got
- charity'due south, take got
- charity, don't have
- charity, accept
12. "If zippo ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."
- will happen, -
- happened, a
- happens, -
- will have happened, the
xiii. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, every bit though she ____ up all dark.
- - , had been
- the, were
- a, was
- - , has been
14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family unit reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.
- had been, didn't run into
- were, hadn't seen
- were, oasis't seen
- have been, hadn't seen
15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my stake confront looking at them over the pile of suitcases.
- had turned, can see
- turned, would exist able to encounter
- will plow, will see
- have turned, would see
16. "I have some piece of work that ____ exist finished before I ____ on my holiday."
- would, will go away
- ought, am abroad
- should, will get away
- must, get away
17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ accept taken offence.
- hears, speaking, can
- had heard, speak, would
- heard, to speak, might
- had heard, speak, must
18. They took intendance of her equally though they ____ her parents.
- are
- were
- had been
- accept been
19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any apply.
- would advise, thought
- will advise, could take idea
- might suggest, could think
- would offering, thought
20. It was long ____ I had concluding seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper noun I ____ her.
- since, mustn't have recognized
- from, shouldn't recognize
- since, wouldn't accept recognized
- while, couldn't have recognized
21. It'due south loftier time you ____ in ____ bed likewise, my child.
- are, -
- must exist, the
- were, -
- should be, a
22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.
- could happen
- might take happened
- was to happen
- must have happened
23. If he ____ at once he might have saved united states of america a lot of trouble.
- were sent for
- is sent for
- had been sent for
- will exist sent for
24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend iii months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.
- none, was
- someone, was non
- people, were not
- anyone, was
25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.
- is wondering
- has been wondering
- were wondering
- had been wondered
26. I wished that Thomas ____ me in that location.
- has not brought
- had not brought
- does non bring
- was not brought
27. "But we ____ in conference for two hours," he said. "It's high time ____ a tea interruption."
- are, having had
- were, nosotros have
- accept been being, to have
- accept been, nosotros had
28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.
- is refusing, to suffer
- refuses, suffer
- refused, suffering
- will pass up, suffering
29. "You had better ____ habitation. You're likely to become into trouble if you ____ here."
- go, stay
- to go, accept stayed
- hurry, will stay
- to hurry, are staying
30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant plenty to drive in that spring rain.
- had had, would have been
- take had, would be
- shall have, is
- are having, will be
31. He wondered a picayune ruefully merely what Dad ____ if he ____ nearly his relations with January.
- would say, knew
- might say, had known
- would have said, learns
- should say, has learned
32. And so he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.
- was crying, has kicked
- had been cried, kicked
- had been crying, had kicked
- cried, had been kicked
33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. Information technology was every bit though it ____ her.
- hearing, did non concern
- to hear, did not business organisation
- listening, was not concerning
- to understand, had not concerned
34. She remembered as though it ____ simply yesterday the first time she ____ them.
- were, was meeting
- was, has met
- has been, met
- had been, had met
1) will exist, are ... discussing
two) were, were ... discussing
3) has been, would ... discuss
iv) was, will... discuss
36. If you away with him, go at once, but don't enquire me him.
1) will go, to meet
2) will be going, to have met
3) are going, to meet
4) have gone, to be meeting
37. I'one thousand not a poet. Only if I poems I dedicate them to you.
i) would, volition
2) tin can, shall
3) could, would
iv) tin, would
38. If I you then, what you have washed?
ane) didn't help, would
2) hadn't helped, would
3) didn't, will
4) haven't helped, will
39. I wish I poet to depict information technology to you lot.
1) were, a
2) am, a
3) had been, the
4) was, the
40. I'm tired. It'due south high time you and me in peace.
1) go, leave
two) have gone, have left
3) would have gone, leave
4) went, left
41. Why that pie final night? I wish I that pie last night.
1) did I eat, had eaten
2) did I eat, hadn't eaten
3) take I eaten, hadn't eaten
four) did I eat, didn't eat
42. If she he was going to be angry near it, she that.
one) knew, won't do
2) knows, wouldn't do
3) had known, wouldn't have washed
iv) would know, have done
43. Y'all wouldn't be and so tired today if you to bed when I told you to. Something should be done to help you.
44. If you your medicine yesterday, y'all today.
1) had taken, would be well
2) took, would be better
3) take, will exist adept
iv) have taken, would have been well
45. If he such bad writing, I these letters.
1) didn't accept, can have read
2) didn't accept, could read
3) hadn't had, can read
4) didn't accept, could have read
46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I her out! Everything .
1) ask, will modify
2) asked, would change
3) had asked, would have changed
4) would ask, had inverse
47. If I overseas instead of him, I something and somebody.
i) would go, earnt, were
2) would have gone, take learnt, been
three) had gone, might have learnt, been
4) went, may learn, be
48. If she with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness evaporate. Just he was lonely.
i) was, will
2) were, would
3) have been, would
4) had been, would take
52. I shall go there provided you to accompany me. Information technology'due south high time you lot ____ rything.
1) would consent, are knowing
2) will consent, accept known
three) would have consented, know
iv) consent, knew
53. If he your remark, he offence. And what's more, I've just told you that talking mends no holes.
ane) had heard, would take
2) heard, would take
3) have heard, would accept taken
4) had heard, would take taken
54. He speaks as if he the subject very well.
1) had known
2) is knowing
iii) has known
four) knew
one) were, would accept checked
2) were, would check
3) am, will check
4) had been, would check
56. If I a spare ticket tonight I you lot to the concert.
1) will have, will accept
2) had, would take
3) will have had, can take
iv) had had, could take
57. If the snake seize with teeth poisonous, yous very bad now.
1) was, will feel
2) had been, are feeling
3) were, would have felt
4) had been, would feel
58. If she some lessons, she her functioning.
1) can have, might improve
2) could have, might improve
3) could have had, may improve
four) could take, might to amend
1) will plough away, existence
2) will be turning from, accept been
3) reject, be
4) have turned confronting, to exist
1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not have place
2) Had he been, would take accompanied, might not have taken identify
iii) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken identify
4) If he had been, would accompany, might not take identify
61. If they here, I and so glad, as they everything to me.
1) would be, were, would explain
2) were, should be, explained
3) would be, were, explained
four) were, should be, would explain
62. If that yous he very glad.
1) I had told him, would come, would have been
2) had I told him, would come, had been
three) I told him, would take come, would have been
iv) I should tell him, would come up, had been
63. If you us then, all the differences might .
64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, y'all ill now.
1) consult, volition be
2) didn't consult, tin can be
3) had consulted, wouldn't be
4) have consulted, won't be
65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .
1) had raised, would have been met
2) raised, would run into
iii) rise, would exist met
4) have raised, won't be met
66. If it nighttime, we our manner.
1) is, would accept lost
two) hadn' t been, might non have lost
3) wasn't, tin accept lost
4) were, will lose
67. I wish y'all rude remarks almost me.
ii) are not making
3) wouldn't make
4) hadn't made
68. He looked at his sis as if he anything like her.
one) didn't e'er seen
two) has never seen
3) tin't encounter
four) had never seen
69. The exams . It'southward time nosotros downwards to work.
1) are coming, got
2) come, get
3) will come, are getting
4) take come up, are
lxx. I wish more people in the office your humor, Jack.
1) take
2) can take
3) volition have
4) had
Vocabulary
1. Find the right word.
- During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
- The fields were flooded subsequently the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
- In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
- After the rain the street was total of floods/lakes/puddles.
- A small river/stream/torrent runs across the lesser of our garden.
- You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
- From the acme/summit/top of the hill you can see the sea.
- It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so loftier.
- I think information technology's going to pelting. It'south very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
- The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.
2. Choose the right variant:
1. Many people are interested in watching............
1) wildlife 2) wilds iii) wilderness
2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.
1) shook two) wagged 3) moved
iii. A large.........of the tree bankrupt off in the storm.
i) trunk 2) bark 3) branch
4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............
1) mountain 2) cliff 3) slope
5. At that place was field after field of gold..........waving in the wind.
1) corn 2) bushes iii) herbs
6. You have to sleep under a cyberspace to avert being bitten by...........
1) lobsters 2) cockroaches 3) mosquitoes
7. Earlier railways were built, many appurtenances were carried on..........
i) channels 2) canals 3) river.
viii. Some wild animals will become.........if they go used to people.
1) tame 2) organised 3) niggling
3. Put the right discussion in each space:
- We collect honey from our own bee.....................
- In that location's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
- At that place'southward a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
- The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
- What's the weather condition....................for tomorrow?
- You tin can see the mountain....................among the clouds in the distance.
iv. Choose the right answer:
- There has been another increase/rise in the amount of crime.
- The railroad train was in blow/collision with a bus on a level crossing.
- Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
- No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm winds.
- The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
- Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected.
- There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
- The driver of the motorcoach admitted that he had washed/fabricated an error.
- There was a large demonstration/manifestation against nuclear ability.
5. Put the right word in each space:
- Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
- Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
- The cost of.......................has risen steadily this twelvemonth.
- Thousands of buildings fell down during a severe........................
- The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
- Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
- Large cities face the problem of what to do with household........................
- Doctors appear that there was now a cure for the........................
TEXT
Radar
On May seventh, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British rider ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with ii grand people on lath. Suddenly, at about half past 2 in the afternoon, there were ii fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the transport began to sink.
She sank in only twenty minutes; and most one thousand people lost their lives.
The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his transport, and he had no instrument to bear witness him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced past radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human eye may not exist able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can choice out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather atmospheric condition, when we can run across perhaps no further than a hundred yards.
Radar works in this mode. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, chosen "pulses", at the rate of perhaps ane k every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and fourscore-six thousand miles a second till they striking an object, possibly a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and so they immediately shoot dorsum at the same speed, in the contrary direction, and hit the aeriform of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.
Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modern ships of all nations carry radar to help them sail in bad weather, when it is possible to see for a altitude of peradventure only a few hundred yards. In the by, the helm usually had to anchor his ship at such times and wait for weather to meliorate. Merely today a ship with radar tin can sail in almost any weather weather, with no danger of an accident.
Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots tin hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A airplane pilot guides his aeroplane towards one beam, and then flies on to the adjacent axle. At the end of his journeying, he will land his aeroplane with the assist of radar.
Trained men at the airport watch the plane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and give any other orders that may be necessary.
(Discussion count 539)
Reply the questions to text
1. The Lusitania was wrecked because
1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard
2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on lath
3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom
iv) she carried out military operations during the First World War
2. Which of the following observations reflects the primary idea of the text all-time of all?
1) Radar is one of the vitally of import discoveries of the 20th century
ii) Radar could take prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania
iii) To be able to use radar one should know in item how it works
4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing
iii. Radar is very helpful in
ane) forecasting weather conditions.
2) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.
three) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.
4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.
four. Which of the following statements is not true?
1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.
2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.
iii) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the
radio.
4) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.
v. It follows from the text that
one) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.
ii) radar is used only in bad weather conditions, when nosotros can see perhaps no
further than a hundred yards.
3) the radar event would be incommunicable if the pulses were not reflected past the
target objects.
4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the assistance of radar.
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
ТЕСТ
I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.
1. The chairman proposed that the matter _____ at the side by side meeting.
1) be decided
2) should decide
3) to be decided
iv) will be decided
ii. If y'all _____ this book you _____ to replace information technology.
one) volition lose, will accept
ii) lose, will take
3) had lost, must
4) will lose, will demand
iii. We insist that a meeting _____ as soon as possible.
one) to be held
ii) should be held
3) volition be held
4) to hold
four. If Alison ____ another one-half 60 minutes's work, she ____ it by the time the children get home.
1) has done; finished
2) would do; would have finished
3) does; will have finished
4) did; finishes
five. If you _____ more than than 10 books we _____ the cost of each book past 10%.
1) buy, will reduce
2) will buy, reduce
3) will buy, will reduce
4) have bought, reduced
vi. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.
1) will check
2) are checking
3) might cheque
4) should cheque
7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'grand going to buy a new motorcar.
one) volition get
two) got
3) get
4) would get
8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who information technology was.
1) need to be
2) was to be
3) will be
four) be
9. I was a trifle taken ashamed, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would call back and so.
1) never saw
2) has been seen
three) would have never seen
4) had never seen
10. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone about our conversation."
1) tell
2) won't tell
3) didn't tell
4) don't tell
xi. I wish you ____ me before that you can't come up to dinner tonight.
ane) tell
2) told
three) had told
4) had been told
12. The children rose _____ later on the poor meal, as if they _____ at all.
1) hungry, did not eat
2) hungrily, had not eaten
3) feeling hungry, take not eaten
four) hungry, had not eaten
13. "Information technology's high time you ____ to look after yourself," Alison demanded.
i) learned
2) larn
three) had learned
iv) have learned
14. It's time that squad ____ a lucifer. They oasis't won a match for ages.
1) has won
2) wins
three) won
iv) will win
15. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I _____ poor Henry.
ane) had wounded
2) wounded
3) were wounded
four) had been wounded
Рекомендуемая литература
- English language Grammat in Apply, Raymond White potato, Cambridge Academy Printing, 1997
(pp 74-81)
- Avant-garde Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Printing, 2000
( рр 198-207)
- Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
- The Heinemann English Grammer, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр 111-120)
- Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)
Гости не могут комментировать
Source: https://englishon.ru/grammatika/266-conditionals-if-sentences-the-subjunctive.html
Post a Comment for "I Feel as Though I Never Want to Speak to Anyone Again"